《Nature》目录要览：2010-11-25出版

[自然要览]

（选自英国Nature杂志，2010年11月25日出版）


封面故事：“粘着斑”的分子架构
Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80739&issue=7323


成纤维细胞向血液先祖细胞的直接转化（Direct route from  fibroblasts to blood progenitors）
Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to multilineage blood progenitors
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80749&issue=7323


植物和动物中的一组新的糖运输蛋白（Novel sugar  transporters aid plant pathogens）
Sugar transporters for intercellular exchange and nutrition of pathogens
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80752&issue=7323


WAVE对肌动蛋白聚合的控制（WAVE control of actin  polymerization）
Structure and control of the actin regulatory WAVE complex
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80713&issue=7323


暗能量的理论证明（Dark energy passes the test）
A geometric measure of dark energy with pairs of galaxies
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80719&issue=7323


“造父变星”质量的确定（Cepheid variable mass）
The dynamical mass of a classical Cepheid variable star in an  eclipsing binary system
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80723&issue=7323


光子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态被观察到（Condensing quantum  light）
Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80728&issue=7323


生成石墨烯的一种简单新方法（A recipe for success）
Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80733&issue=7323


植物生物多样性和生态系统 的功能（Plant diversity and  ecosystem function）
Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a  biodiversity experiment
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80738&issue=7323


血-脑屏障的真实成因（Building the blood–brain barrier）
Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier / Pericytes are required  for blood–brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80744&issue=7323


以恢复p53功能为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性（Limits to  antitumour effect of p53 restoration）
Selective activation of p53-mediated tumour suppression in high-grade  tumours / Stage-specific sensitivity to p53 restoration during lung  cancer progression
http://www.natureasia.com/ch/nature/updates/index.php?i=80724&issue=7323




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NEWS & VIEWS
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Cell biology: Raiding the sweet shop pp510 - 511
A type of sugar transporter has been discovered that exports glucose  from cells. In plants, these transporters are targeted by disease- causing microbes that divert sugar production for their own use. See  Article p.527
Nicholas J. Talbot
doi:10.1038/468510a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468510a.html

Cosmology: Geometry of the Universe pp511 - 512
A neat way of measuring the geometry of the Universe offers a new test  of the standard cosmological model. It probes, among other things, the  elusive dark energy thought to be driving the Universe's expansion.  See Letter p.539
Alan Heavens
doi:10.1038/468511a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468511a.html

Palaeoanthropology: Early Homo sapiens in China pp512 - 513
The timing of the dispersal of our species from Africa is a continuing  and lively topic of debate. Evidence that modern humans existed in  China more than 100,000 years ago is both equivocal and thought- provoking.
Robin Dennell
doi:10.1038/468512a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468512a.html

Cell biology: Import and nuclear size pp513 - 516
The size of a cell's nucleus is usually proportional to the size of  the cell itself. How are the two linked? The answer lies, at least in  part, in the import of one or more cytoplasmic cargoes into the nucleus.
Orna Cohen-Fix
doi:10.1038/468513a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468513a.html

Nanotechnology: Peptides as biological semiconductors pp516 - 517
A simple peptide that assembles into desirable nanoscale structures is  a striking example of how the whole can be greater than the sum of its  parts. What's more, the assembly process is controllably reversible.
Charlotte A. E. Hauser and Shuguang Zhang
doi:10.1038/468516a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468516a.html

Quantum optics: Particles of light pp517 - 518
Bose–Einstein condensation, which demonstrates the wave nature of  material particles, now offers further illumination of wave–particle  duality: it has been observed in light itself. See Letter p.545
James Anglin
doi:10.1038/468517a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468517a.html

Mechanoregulation: Cellular seat belts pp518 - 519
Accurate cell division depends on proper attachment of chromosomes to  the microtubule-based division apparatus. An impressive in vitro study  shows how applied force plays a pivotal part in regulating such  attachment. See Letter p.576
Yuta Shimamoto and Tarun M. Kapoor
doi:10.1038/468518a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468518a.html

Cancer: The blind spot of p53 pp519 - 520
It is hoped that reactivating the tumour-suppressor protein p53 will  help to combat cancer. However, fresh evidence suggests it is unlikely  that all cells in a tumour will respond to such treatment. See Letters  p.567 & p.572
Anton Berns
doi:10.1038/468519a
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/468519a.html

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ARTICLES
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Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to multilineage blood  progenitors pp521 - 526
Mouse fibroblasts expressing a small subset of transcription factors  can be induced to differentiate towards specified lineages without  reverting to an embryonic state. Now direct conversion of dermal  fibroblasts to multipotent blood progenitors has been achieved in  vitro in the human, using just one factor.
Eva Szabo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09591
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09591.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09591.html

Sugar transporters for intercellular exchange and nutrition of  pathogens pp527 - 532
Sugar efflux transporters are essential for diverse processes such as  nectar production and seed and pollen development, as well for the  maintenance of blood glucose levels in animals. These authors identify  and characterize a novel sugar transporter family, SWEET, and show  that several Arabidopsis, rice and metazoan homologues mediate glucose  transport. In addition, some of these transporters are exploited by  plant pathogens for nutritional gain and virulence.
Li-Qing Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09606
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09606.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09606.html

Structure and control of the actin regulatory WAVE complex pp533 - 538
In cells, WAVE protein, a central regulator of actin dynamics during  cell motility, is constitutively incorporated into WAVE regulatory  complex (WRC), is normally present in an inactive state and can be  activated by a number of inputs. These authors present the structure  and mechanistic analysis of WRC. The combined data reveal how the WAVE  protein is inhibited within the WRC complex and provide mechanisms for  WRC activation at the plasma membrane.
Zhucheng Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09623
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09623.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09623.html

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LETTERS
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A geometric measure of dark energy with pairs of galaxies pp539 - 541
The acceleration of the expansion of the Universe is attributed to a  'dark energy' component that opposes gravity. These authors report an  analysis of the symmetry properties of distant pairs of galaxies from  archival data. This allows them to determine that the Universe is  flat, and by alternately fixing its spatial geometry and the dark  energy equation-of-state parameter, wX, they establish at the 68.3 per  cent confidence level that −0.85 > wX > −1.12 and 0.60
Christian Marinoni and Adeline Buzzi
doi:10.1038/nature09577
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09577.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09577.html

The dynamical mass of a classical Cepheid variable star in an  eclipsing binary system pp542 - 544
Masses of pulsating classical Cepheid supergiants derived from stellar  pulsation theory are smaller than the masses derived from stellar  evolution theory. An independent determination for a classical Cepheid  in a binary system is needed to determine which is correct. These  authors report the discovery of a classical Cepheid in the Large  Magellanic Cloud. They determine the mass to a precision of one per  cent and show that it agrees with its pulsation mass.
G. Pietrzyński et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09598
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09598.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09598.html

Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity pp545  - 548
Bose–Einstein condensation has been observed in several physical  systems, but is not predicted to occur for blackbody radiation such as  photons. However, it becomes theoretically possible in the presence of  thermalization processes that conserve photon number. These authors  experimentally realise such conditions, observing Bose–Einstein  condensation of photons in a dye-filled optical microcavity. The  effect is of interest for fundamental studies and may lead to new  coherent ultraviolet sources.
Jan Klaers, Julian Schmitt, Frank Vewinger and Martin Weitz
doi:10.1038/nature09567
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09567.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09567.html

Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources pp549 - 552
The past few years have seen a spectacular growth of interest in  graphene. Efforts to produce large sheets of monolayer (or few-layer)  graphene could receive a welcome boost from the simple procedure  reported by these authors. They show how baking various solid carbon  sources (for example polymer films) deposited on a metal catalyst  substrate can produce either pristine graphene or doped graphene in a  single step.
Zhengzong Sun et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09579
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09579.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09579.html

Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a  biodiversity experiment pp553 - 556
The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem function are usually studied  within trophic levels. These authors conduct a large experiment across  trophic levels to show how manipulations of plant diversity affect  function in different groups. The effects are consistent across  groups, but are stronger at adjacent trophic levels and in above- ground rather than below-ground groups.
Christoph Scherber et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09492
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09492.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09492.html

Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier pp557 - 561
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is made up of vascular endothelial  cells and was thought to have formed postnatally from astrocytes. Two  independent studies demonstrate that this barrier forms during  embryogenesis, with pericyte/endothelial cell interactions being  critical to regulate the BBB during development. A better  understanding of the relationship among pericytes, neuroendothelial  cells and astrocytes in BBB function will contribute to our  understanding of BBB breakdown during central nervous system injury  and disease.
Annika Armulik et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09522
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09522.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09522.html


Pericytes are required for blood–brain barrier integrity during  embryogenesis pp562 - 566
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is made up of vascular endothelial  cells and was thought to have formed postnatally from astrocytes. Two  independent studies demonstrate that this barrier forms during  embryogenesis, with pericyte/endothelial cell interactions being  critical to regulate the BBB during development. A better  understanding of the relationship among pericytes, neuroendothelial  cells and astrocytes in BBB function will contribute to our  understanding of BBB breakdown during central nervous system injury  and disease.
Richard Daneman, Lu Zhou, Amanuel A. Kebede and Ben A. Barres
doi:10.1038/nature09513
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09513.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09513.html


Selective activation of p53-mediated tumour suppression in high-grade  tumours pp567 - 571
p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene. Two papers now show in a  Kras-driven lung cancer model that p53-mediated tumour suppression is  only engaged late during tumour progression, when the Kras oncogenic  signal reaches a threshold sufficient to activate the ARF–p53  pathway. Therefore, p53 re-expression in p53-deficient lung tumours  does not restrict early stages of tumorigenesis, but induces tumour  regression of more aggressive tumours.
Melissa R. Junttila et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09526
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09526.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09526.html


Stage-specific sensitivity to p53 restoration during lung cancer  progression pp572 - 575
p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene. Two papers now show in a  Kras-driven lung cancer model that p53-mediated tumour suppression is  only engaged late during tumour progression, when the Kras oncogenic  signal reaches a threshold sufficient to activate the ARF–p53  pathway. Therefore, p53 re-expression in p53-deficient lung tumours  does not restrict early stages of tumorigenesis, but induces tumour  regression of more aggressive tumours.
David M. Feldser et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09535
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09535.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09535.html


Tension directly stabilizes reconstituted kinetochore-microtubule  attachments pp576 - 579
The kinetochore is a large protein complex that assembles on  centromeric DNA and captures microtubules to mediate chromosome  separation. These authors report the first purification of functional  kinetochores. They also show that kinetochore particles maintain load- bearing associations with assembling and disassembling ends of single  microtubules and that tension increases the lifetimes of the  attachments directly. These results provide evidence that tension  selectively stabilises kinetochore–microtubule interactions.
Bungo Akiyoshi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09594
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09594.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09594.html

Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions pp580 - 584
Focal adhesions link the extracellular matrix by integrin receptors to  cytoplasmic actin filaments and are fundamental to human physiology.  These authors determine the molecular architecture of focal adhesions  by mapping protein organization at the nanoscale level. The results  demonstrate that focal adhesions possess a well-organized  ultrastructure made up of at least three spatial and functional  compartments that mediate their interdependent functions.
Pakorn Kanchanawong et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09621
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09621.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09621.html

The amino-terminal disease hotspot of ryanodine receptors forms a  cytoplasmic vestibule pp585 - 588
Mutations in ryanodine receptors can lead to severe genetic conditions  in both cardiac and skeletal muscles. These authors report the X-ray  crystal structure of a type 1 ryanodine receptor and pinpoint the  exact locations of more than 50 disease-related mutations in the full- length receptor. The disease mutations seem to cause misfolding of an  individual domain, to destabilize interactions between the three amino- terminal domains, or to otherwise affect one of the other domain  interfaces.
Ching-Chieh Tung, Paolo A. Lobo, Lynn Kimlicka and Filip Van Petegem
doi:10.1038/nature09471
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/abs/nature09471.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09471.html
 

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