《Nature》目录要览：2009-08-27出版
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《Nature》目录要览：2009-08-27出版
封面故事：吸入真菌孢子并不总会引起过敏的原因
Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores
我们每天都会吸入数以千计的微小真菌孢子（分生孢子），它们来自很多不同的真菌菌
种。然而，虽然这些孢子内含抗原和过敏原，但它们的吸入并不会连续激发我们的先天
免疫细胞或引起炎症反应。一系列免疫学、生物医学和遗传学实验说明了原因是什么：
这些孢子的免疫识别被覆盖分生孢子表面的小棒蛋白所构成的一个憎水层阻止了。如果
将这个憎水层去掉，孢子就会激发免疫系统。具备这一防卫层的一个致病性孢子也许会
一直处于休眠状态，躲开宿主防卫系统，直到条件合适时才萌发。从治疗角度来讲，小
棒蛋白的这种鲁棒性也许可被利用来生成纳米颗粒，后者含有嵌入的分子，这些分子以
身体内某一特定位置为目标，或经过了优化处理，可以持续向体内输送。本期封面所示
为烟曲霉分生孢子的一幅扫描电子显微镜照片（由S. Guadagnini、 J. M. Panaud 和
A. Beauvais提供），烟曲霉是这项研究中所使用的人类病原体之一。（Letter p.
1117）
球蛋白基因表达的发育调控方式（Throwing the globin switch）
Developmental and species-divergent globin switching are driven by BCL11A
脊椎动物胚胎到胎儿的转变，以为血液中的伽马球蛋白编码的基因之间一个发育开关为
特征，而球蛋白基因表达的发育调控方式在小鼠与人类之间则有所不同。一项涉及将人
类贝塔球蛋白位点连同周围DNA的100个“千碱基对”插入小鼠基因组的实验表明，
BCL11A基因是造成这种调控差别的原因。BCLA11A蛋白是人类伽马球蛋白表达的一个抑
制因子，是以前通过整个基因组范围的关联研究被识别出来的。这一关于在演化过程中
所发生的基因表达的一种改变的实例，也为了解在临床上具有重要意义的人类血红蛋白
从胎儿到成年之转变的机制提供了新线索。（Article p. 1093）
一颗接近寿命终点的热木星（Hot Jupiter WASP-18: a too-close encounter）
An orbital period of 0.94 days for the hot-Jupiter planet WASP-18b
被称为“热木星”的太阳系外行星，被认为是在距其主星一定距离处形成、之后向内迁
移的。这些行星为了解行星系统的演化提供了新视角，而迄今轨道最近、温度最高的热
木星WASP-18b的发现，让我们有机会一瞥一个接近其寿命终点的行星会是什么样子的。
WASP-18b轨道近，质量大（为木星质量的10倍），轨道周期短（0.94天），在已知的恒
星-行星系统中具有最强的潮汐互动作用。我们所看到的WASP-18b似乎处在一种罕见
的、短命的状态，因为它正在以螺旋方式向其主星运动，注定要在其主星寿命之内被毁
掉。另一方面，这一体系（也许还包括其他热木星）中的潮汐耗散作用一定要比我们太
阳系中的弱得多。（Letter p. 1098）
拓扑绝缘体“石墨稀” 类状态的自旋-偏振性质（Faux graphene takes a spin）
A tunable topological insulator in the spin helical Dirac transport regime /
Topological surface states protected from backscattering by chiral spin
texture
拓扑绝缘体是这样一些材料，在它们当中，一种被称为“自旋-轨道耦合”的相对论效
应产生一个大的绝缘带，同时产生狄拉克类表面状态，后者与被称为“石墨稀”的、人
们已经研究很多的碳的二维片状结构的相对论粒子相似。与“石墨稀”中的传统狄拉克
费米子不同的是，理论表明，这种新的二维表面状态有一个内在的净角动量或自旋，该
净角动量或自旋可能因拓扑结构而受到保护，不会发生散射，这是自旋电子学和量子计
算中人们非常想得到的一个性能。现在，两个小组报告说，这个预测是正确的。Hsieh
等人利用具有自旋和动量分辨能力的光谱成像方法，来确认一个基于铋的拓扑绝缘体中
“石墨稀” 类状态的自旋-偏振性质，发现通过化学操纵可在“拓扑输送体系”（在该
体系中散射受到抑制）对其进行调控。Roushan等人利用扫描隧道显微镜和角分辨光发
射电子显微镜发现，尽管存在较强的原子尺度的紊乱，但具有相反动量和相反自旋的表
面状态之间的背向散射是不存在的，这对自旋电子学和量子计算应用来说都是一个有用
的性能。（Letters pp. 1101, 1106; News & Views）
“Spacing”现象的首次明确实验演示（Plasmonic control: enter the spaser）
Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser
纳米等离子体学，指的是对表面等离子激元（一个金属表面上电子密度的波动）的纳米
尺度操纵。它有可能使从传感和生物医学到成像及信息技术在内的一系列应用发生革命
性变化。但是，我们首先需要一个简单而高效的方法来主动生成相干等离子场。这在理
论上利用“Spaser”是可以做到的。“Spaser”作为一种能够以激光生成和放大光子同
样的方式生成和放大表面等离子激元的器件首次于2003年被提出。现在，Noginov等人
利用具有一个金核和一个掺杂燃料的二氧化硅外壳的直径为44纳米的纳米颗粒，首次明
确通过实验演示了“Spacing”现象的发生。该体系能以与激光生成相干光子受激发射
同样的方式产生表面等离子激元的受激发射，已被用来实施迄今所报道的最小的、第一
个在可见光波长工作的纳米激光器。（Letter p. 1110; Making the paper p. 1056）
“印度洋-太平洋暖池” 过去两千年海洋表面温度重建（Taking the long view of
temperature）
2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the
Indo-Pacific warm pool
对过去几千年的最高分辨率的气候重建一直以北半球的陆地记录为重点，海洋重建研究
迄今为止很少见，而且特别重要的是，还缺少最近几个世纪的数据，使得研究人员无法
将其与观察记录进行比较。现在，对“印度洋-太平洋暖池”的海洋表面温度所做的一
次新的重建，产生了一个具有十年分辨率的记录，其时间跨度为过去两千年，与仪器记
录重叠，从而使得研究人员能够根据仪器记录对代用数据进行直接校正，并根据二十世
纪的发展趋势对过去的变化进行评估。这些数据表明，虽然最近几十年一直异常地温
暖，但它们与从公元1000年到公元1250年内的“中世纪暖期”的通常温度在统计上是无
法区别的。（Letter p. 1113）
LINE-1逆转录转座事件的作用（Shaping the individual brain）
L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells
LINE-1 (long interspersed element-1) 逆转录转座子在试管中和在小鼠脑中已知能
够穿过成年大鼠神经前体细胞（NPCs）的基因组。现在，研究表明，从人胎儿脑中分离
出的以及从人胚胎干细胞演变来的NPCs，在试管中还支持人工培养的人LINE-1s发生逆
转录转座。有趣的是，当与来自同一人的心脏或肝脏基因组DNA中的内生LINE-1s版本数
量相比时，会发现成人脑中海马体和其他地方中的内生LINE-1s版本数量有所增加。这
表明，LINE-1逆转录转座事件也许有助于脑中基因表达的不同体细胞镶嵌性和异质性。
（Letter p. 1127; News & Views）
p53因子将癌症与干细胞性联系了起来（p53 links cancer to stemness）
Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53–p21
pathway
本期Nature上发表的5篇论文表明，转录因子p53除了起一个肿瘤抑制因子的作用外
（TP53基因在超过50%的人类癌症中被改变），还构成阻止“诱导多能干细胞”（ iPS
细胞）生成的一个障碍。Hong等人（1132页）即使在没有Myc逆转录病毒（通常用来生
成iPS细胞的四个因子之一）的情况下也在缺失p53的细胞中诱导产生了多能性，而且他
们所采用的方法还能避免重新编程因子的基因组整合。Li等人（1136页）发现，
Ink4/Arf（编码利用Rb和 p53通道的三个肿瘤抑制因子）会限制正在发生重新编程的
iPS细胞的编程速度，而且其抑制性有助于iPS细胞生成。他们还发现，年龄增长会上调
Ink4/Arf，而重新编程在来自较老生物体的细胞中效率较低。Kawamura等人（1140页）
在使p53沉默的情况下仅仅利用两个因子（Oct4 和Sox2）就对体细胞进行了重新编程。
p53的过度表达或一种p53稳定因子的存在会降低重新编程的效率。Utikal等人（1145
页）发现，不发生重新编程的细胞中p53的删除会挽救它们产生iPS细胞的能力，而且在
缺失p53的无限增殖细胞中可以实现高效率。Marión等人（1149页）发现，p53在阻止
携带一些类型的DNA损伤的细胞的重新编程中其关键作用。即使当有DNA损伤时，除去
p53也能实现高效率重新编程。在News & Views文章中，Valery Krizhanovsky 和
Scott Lowe将这几篇论文与这一非常活跃的领域中最近发表的其他论文联系了起来
（page 1085），并且还触及了癌症与iPS细胞之间异乎寻常相似性的问题。
棕色脂肪与肥胖症（Brown fat and obesity）
Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16–C/EBP-
transcriptional complex
棕色脂肪组织能通过燃烧卡路里产生热量来防止肥胖，而白色脂肪则起能量库的作用。
Bruce Spiegelman及其同事去年在Nature杂志上报告说，棕色脂肪细胞与骨骼肌密切相
关，蛋白PRDM16neng指示肌肉干细胞成为棕色脂肪细胞。现在，同一实验室又获得了这
样的发现：PRDM16与C/EBP-β协同作用，这一转录单元的表达在“天真的”成纤维细胞
中足以诱导功能全面的棕色脂肪。将这样的成纤维细胞移植到小鼠体内，会生成一个棕
色脂肪层，其作用是充当葡萄糖的一个汇。这项工作有可能导致控制如肥胖症和2-型糖
尿病等代谢疾病的新方法的问世。（Letter p. 1154; Abstractions p. 1056）
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Stem cells: The promises and perils of p53 pp1085-1086
Five studies show that disabling p53, an essential tumour-suppressor
protein,
improves the efficiency of stem-cell production. Are these results a 'heads
up'
that cancer cells and stem cells are disturbingly similar?
Valery Krizhanovsky and Scott W. Lowe
doi:10.1038/4601085a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601085a.html
Extrasolar planets: Secrets that only tides will tell pp1086-1087
Evidence that the most recently discovered extrasolar planet is virtually at
the end of its life is a surprise. The odds of that are very low - similar
to
drawing two consecutive red aces from a well-shuffled deck of cards.
Douglas P. Hamilton
doi:10.1038/4601086a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601086a.html
Developmental biology: Jumping-gene roulette pp1087-1088
Jumping genes, which make DNA copies of themselves through an RNA middleman,
provide a stochastic process for generating brain diversity among humans.
The
effect of their random insertion, however, is a bit of a gamble.
Sandra L. Martin
doi:10.1038/4601087a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601087a.html
Optics: Ultrafast X-ray photography pp1088-1090
A super-fast, lensless microscope has been developed that works by decoding
the diffraction patterns of bright, laser-like flashes of X-rays. This
advance
should enable ultrafast events at the nanoscale to be recorded.
Margaret M. Murnane and Jianwei Miao
doi:10.1038/4601088a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601088a.html
50 & 100 years ago p1090
doi:10.1038/4601090a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601090a.html
Solid-state physics: An insulator's metallic side pp1090-1091
Certain insulators have conducting surfaces that arise from subtle chemical
properties of the bulk material. The latest experiments suggest that such
surfaces may compete with graphene in electronic applications.
Joel Moore
doi:10.1038/4601090b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601090b.html
Gamma-ray bursts: Maybe not so old after all pp1091-1092
The discovery of a short-lived [gamma]-ray burst at a surprisingly early
epoch in the history of the Universe shows how much is still unknown about
the evolution of the parent systems of such bursts.
Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz and William Lee
doi:10.1038/4601091a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601091a.html
----------------------
ARTICLE
----------------------
Developmental and species-divergent globin switching are driven by BCL11A
pp1093-1097
The contribution of changes in cis-regulatory elements or trans-acting
factors
to differences in gene expression between species is not well understood.
Here
it is found that, in transgenic mice containing the human [beta]-globin
locus,
the expression of BCL11A differs between mouse and human and is a critical
mediator of species-divergent globin switching.
Vijay G. Sankaran et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08243
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08243.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08243.html
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
An orbital period of 0.94[thinsp]days for the hot-Jupiter planet WASP-18b
pp1098-1100
'Hot Jupiters' abound in lists of known extrasolar planets. Those closest
to their parent stars have strong tidal interactions, leading to the
suggestion
that systems such as OGLE-TR-56 could be used as tests of tidal dissipation
theory. Here, the discovery of planet WASP-18b is reported, with an orbital
period of 0.94 days and a tidal interaction an order of magnitude stronger
than that of OGLE-TR-56b. Either WASP-18 is in a rare, short-lived state, or
the tidal dissipation in this system must be weaker than in the Solar
System.
Coel Hellier et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08245
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08245.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08245.html
A tunable topological insulator in the spin helical Dirac transport regime
pp1101-1105
Helical Dirac fermions are charge carriers that behave as massless
relativistic
particles with an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) locked to their
translational
momentum, a property desirable for spintronic and computing technologies. It
has recently been proposed that such fermions may exist at the edges of
certain
types of topologically ordered insulators. Here, the realization and
characterization of such a system is reported; the results reveal nearly
100 per cent spin polarization, even up to room temperature.
D. Hsieh et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08234
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08234.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08234.html
Topological surface states protected from backscattering by chiral spin
texture pp1106-1109
Topological insulators are materials in which a relativistic effect known
as spin-orbit coupling gives rise to surface states that resemble chiral
edge
modes in quantum Hall systems, but with unconventional spin textures. It has
been suggested that a feature of such spin-textured boundary states is their
insensitivity to spin-independent scattering, which is thought to protect
them
from backscattering. Here, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy and
angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy are used to confirm this prediction.
Pedram Roushan et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08308
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08308.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08308.html
Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser pp1110-1112
Nanoplasmonics promises to revolutionize applications ranging from sensing
and
biomedicine to imaging and information technology, but its full development
is
hindered by the lack of devices that can generate coherent plasmonic fields.
In theory, this is possible with a so-called 'spaser' [mdash] analogous to a
laser - which would generate stimulated emission of surface plasmons. This
is
now realized experimentally, and should enable many new technological
developments.
M. A. Noginov et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08318
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08318.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08318.html
2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the
Indo-Pacific
warm pool pp1113-1116
Temperature reconstructions for the surface of the Northern Hemisphere are
based largely on terrestrial records from extra-tropical or high-elevation
sites, despite the fact that global average surface temperature changes
closely
follow those of the global tropics, which are 75 per cent ocean. Here, a
decadally resolved continuous sea surface temperature is reconstructed for
the Indo-Pacific warm pool that spans the past 2,000 years, allowing for
comparison with observations.
Delia W. Oppo, Yair Rosenthal and Braddock K. Linsley
doi:10.1038/nature08233
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08233.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08233.html
Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores
pp1117-1121
Fungal spores are ubiquitous in the air we breathe and contain many antigens
and allergens, and yet they neither continuously activate the host innate
immune
cells nor induce detrimental inflammatory responses after their inhalation.
Here, the surface layer on dormant spores is shown to mask their recognition
by the immune system and hence prevent an immune response.
Vishukumar Aimanianda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08264
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08264.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08264.html
EBI2 mediates B cell segregation between the outer and centre
follicle pp1122-1126
B cells migrate to the outer or centre lymphoid follicle at different stages
of antibody responses. Here it is shown that activated B cells must
downregulate
the orphan G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 to migrate to the centre
follicles,
where they mount T dependent antibody responses and establish germinal
centres.
Joao P. Pereira, Lisa M. Kelly, Ying Xu and Jason G. Cyster
doi:10.1038/nature08226
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08226.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08226.html
L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells pp1127-1131
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons have been shown
to
move throughout the genomes of adult rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in
vitro and in the mouse brain. Here, NPCs isolated from human fetal brain and
derived from human embryonic stem cells are shown to support the
retrotransposition of engineered human L1s in vitro, which could contribute
to individual somatic mosaicism.
Nicole G. Coufal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08248
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08248.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08248.html
Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53--p21
pathway pp1132-1135
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human
somatic cells by the introduction of four genes, but with low efficiency.
Here it is reported that 10% of transduced mouse embryonic fibroblasts
lacking p53 became iPS cells, even without the Myc retrovirus, and iPS
cells were also generated from terminally differentiated T lymphocytes
in the p53-null background.
Hyenjong Hong et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08235
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08235.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08235.html
The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming pp1136-1139
The Ink4/Arf tumour suppressor locus encodes the three potent tumour
suppressors
p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b and p19Arf. Here the locus is shown to be rate-limiting
for
reprogramming, and its transient inhibition significantly improves the
generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, ageing is shown
to upregulate the Ink4/Arf locus, with less efficient reprogramming seen
in cells from old organisms.
Han Li et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08290
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08290.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08290.html
Linking the p53 tumour suppressor pathway to somatic cell
reprogramming pp1140-1144
Expression of pluripotency factors and oncogenes can reprogram somatic cells
to
induced pluripotent stem cells, albeit with low frequency and a tendency to
induce malignant transformation. Here, reprogramming factors are shown to
activate the p53 pathway, providing insights into reprogramming mechanisms.
Teruhisa Kawamura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08311
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08311.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08311.html
Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into
iPS cells pp1145-1148
Pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by overexpression of a set of
transcription factors, but the process has extremely low efficiency and slow
kinetics. Here, cells with low endogenous p19Arf levels and immortal
fibroblasts
deficient for components of the Arf-Trp53 pathway yield induced pluripotent
stem cell colonies with up to threefold faster kinetics and at a
significantly
higher efficiency than wild-type cells, reaching frequencies of up to 100%.
Jochen Utikal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08285
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08285.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08285.html
A p53-mediated DNA damage response limits reprogramming to ensure iPS cell
genomic integrity pp1149-1153
It is shown that p53 is critically involved in preventing the reprogramming
of cells carrying various types of DNA damage, including short telomeres,
DNA
repair deficiencies, or exogenously inflicted DNA damage. Eliminating p53
expression allows efficient reprogramming in the face of DNA damage and the
generation of induced pluripotent stem cells carrying persistent DNA damage
and chromosomal aberrations.
Rosa M. Marion et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08287
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08287.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08287.html
Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16--C/EBP-[bgr]
transcriptional complex pp1154-1158
Here it is shown that PRDM16, a zinc finger protein that controls the
switch from myoblastic precursors to brown fat cells, works together with
C/EBP-[beta] and that expression of this transcriptional unit is sufficient
to induce a fully functional brown fat program in naive fibroblasts.
Transplantation of such fibroblasts into mice creates a brown fat pad
that acts as a sink for glucose.
Shingo Kajimura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08262
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08262.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08262.html
Riboflavin kinase couples TNF receptor 1 to NADPH oxidase pp1159-1163
Riboflavin kinase is shown to couple TNF receptor 1 to reactive oxygen
production by the FAD-dependent NADPH oxidase.
Benjamin Yazdanpanah et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08206
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08206.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08206.html
----------------------
CORRIGENDA
----------------------
Liquid water on Enceladus from observations of ammonia and 40Ar in the
plume p1164
J. H. Waite et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08352
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08352.html
CBP/p300-mediated acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 56 p1164
Chandrima Das, M. Scott Lucia, Kirk C. Hansen and Jessica K. Tyler
doi:10.1038/nature08360
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08360.html
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
The Gower Street cuckoos p1170
It's a growing problem.
Joe Dunckley
doi:10.1038/4601170a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601170a.html
Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores
我们每天都会吸入数以千计的微小真菌孢子（分生孢子），它们来自很多不同的真菌菌
种。然而，虽然这些孢子内含抗原和过敏原，但它们的吸入并不会连续激发我们的先天
免疫细胞或引起炎症反应。一系列免疫学、生物医学和遗传学实验说明了原因是什么：
这些孢子的免疫识别被覆盖分生孢子表面的小棒蛋白所构成的一个憎水层阻止了。如果
将这个憎水层去掉，孢子就会激发免疫系统。具备这一防卫层的一个致病性孢子也许会
一直处于休眠状态，躲开宿主防卫系统，直到条件合适时才萌发。从治疗角度来讲，小
棒蛋白的这种鲁棒性也许可被利用来生成纳米颗粒，后者含有嵌入的分子，这些分子以
身体内某一特定位置为目标，或经过了优化处理，可以持续向体内输送。本期封面所示
为烟曲霉分生孢子的一幅扫描电子显微镜照片（由S. Guadagnini、 J. M. Panaud 和
A. Beauvais提供），烟曲霉是这项研究中所使用的人类病原体之一。（Letter p.
1117）
球蛋白基因表达的发育调控方式（Throwing the globin switch）
Developmental and species-divergent globin switching are driven by BCL11A
脊椎动物胚胎到胎儿的转变，以为血液中的伽马球蛋白编码的基因之间一个发育开关为
特征，而球蛋白基因表达的发育调控方式在小鼠与人类之间则有所不同。一项涉及将人
类贝塔球蛋白位点连同周围DNA的100个“千碱基对”插入小鼠基因组的实验表明，
BCL11A基因是造成这种调控差别的原因。BCLA11A蛋白是人类伽马球蛋白表达的一个抑
制因子，是以前通过整个基因组范围的关联研究被识别出来的。这一关于在演化过程中
所发生的基因表达的一种改变的实例，也为了解在临床上具有重要意义的人类血红蛋白
从胎儿到成年之转变的机制提供了新线索。（Article p. 1093）
一颗接近寿命终点的热木星（Hot Jupiter WASP-18: a too-close encounter）
An orbital period of 0.94 days for the hot-Jupiter planet WASP-18b
被称为“热木星”的太阳系外行星，被认为是在距其主星一定距离处形成、之后向内迁
移的。这些行星为了解行星系统的演化提供了新视角，而迄今轨道最近、温度最高的热
木星WASP-18b的发现，让我们有机会一瞥一个接近其寿命终点的行星会是什么样子的。
WASP-18b轨道近，质量大（为木星质量的10倍），轨道周期短（0.94天），在已知的恒
星-行星系统中具有最强的潮汐互动作用。我们所看到的WASP-18b似乎处在一种罕见
的、短命的状态，因为它正在以螺旋方式向其主星运动，注定要在其主星寿命之内被毁
掉。另一方面，这一体系（也许还包括其他热木星）中的潮汐耗散作用一定要比我们太
阳系中的弱得多。（Letter p. 1098）
拓扑绝缘体“石墨稀” 类状态的自旋-偏振性质（Faux graphene takes a spin）
A tunable topological insulator in the spin helical Dirac transport regime /
Topological surface states protected from backscattering by chiral spin
texture
拓扑绝缘体是这样一些材料，在它们当中，一种被称为“自旋-轨道耦合”的相对论效
应产生一个大的绝缘带，同时产生狄拉克类表面状态，后者与被称为“石墨稀”的、人
们已经研究很多的碳的二维片状结构的相对论粒子相似。与“石墨稀”中的传统狄拉克
费米子不同的是，理论表明，这种新的二维表面状态有一个内在的净角动量或自旋，该
净角动量或自旋可能因拓扑结构而受到保护，不会发生散射，这是自旋电子学和量子计
算中人们非常想得到的一个性能。现在，两个小组报告说，这个预测是正确的。Hsieh
等人利用具有自旋和动量分辨能力的光谱成像方法，来确认一个基于铋的拓扑绝缘体中
“石墨稀” 类状态的自旋-偏振性质，发现通过化学操纵可在“拓扑输送体系”（在该
体系中散射受到抑制）对其进行调控。Roushan等人利用扫描隧道显微镜和角分辨光发
射电子显微镜发现，尽管存在较强的原子尺度的紊乱，但具有相反动量和相反自旋的表
面状态之间的背向散射是不存在的，这对自旋电子学和量子计算应用来说都是一个有用
的性能。（Letters pp. 1101, 1106; News & Views）
“Spacing”现象的首次明确实验演示（Plasmonic control: enter the spaser）
Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser
纳米等离子体学，指的是对表面等离子激元（一个金属表面上电子密度的波动）的纳米
尺度操纵。它有可能使从传感和生物医学到成像及信息技术在内的一系列应用发生革命
性变化。但是，我们首先需要一个简单而高效的方法来主动生成相干等离子场。这在理
论上利用“Spaser”是可以做到的。“Spaser”作为一种能够以激光生成和放大光子同
样的方式生成和放大表面等离子激元的器件首次于2003年被提出。现在，Noginov等人
利用具有一个金核和一个掺杂燃料的二氧化硅外壳的直径为44纳米的纳米颗粒，首次明
确通过实验演示了“Spacing”现象的发生。该体系能以与激光生成相干光子受激发射
同样的方式产生表面等离子激元的受激发射，已被用来实施迄今所报道的最小的、第一
个在可见光波长工作的纳米激光器。（Letter p. 1110; Making the paper p. 1056）
“印度洋-太平洋暖池” 过去两千年海洋表面温度重建（Taking the long view of
temperature）
2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the
Indo-Pacific warm pool
对过去几千年的最高分辨率的气候重建一直以北半球的陆地记录为重点，海洋重建研究
迄今为止很少见，而且特别重要的是，还缺少最近几个世纪的数据，使得研究人员无法
将其与观察记录进行比较。现在，对“印度洋-太平洋暖池”的海洋表面温度所做的一
次新的重建，产生了一个具有十年分辨率的记录，其时间跨度为过去两千年，与仪器记
录重叠，从而使得研究人员能够根据仪器记录对代用数据进行直接校正，并根据二十世
纪的发展趋势对过去的变化进行评估。这些数据表明，虽然最近几十年一直异常地温
暖，但它们与从公元1000年到公元1250年内的“中世纪暖期”的通常温度在统计上是无
法区别的。（Letter p. 1113）
LINE-1逆转录转座事件的作用（Shaping the individual brain）
L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells
LINE-1 (long interspersed element-1) 逆转录转座子在试管中和在小鼠脑中已知能
够穿过成年大鼠神经前体细胞（NPCs）的基因组。现在，研究表明，从人胎儿脑中分离
出的以及从人胚胎干细胞演变来的NPCs，在试管中还支持人工培养的人LINE-1s发生逆
转录转座。有趣的是，当与来自同一人的心脏或肝脏基因组DNA中的内生LINE-1s版本数
量相比时，会发现成人脑中海马体和其他地方中的内生LINE-1s版本数量有所增加。这
表明，LINE-1逆转录转座事件也许有助于脑中基因表达的不同体细胞镶嵌性和异质性。
（Letter p. 1127; News & Views）
p53因子将癌症与干细胞性联系了起来（p53 links cancer to stemness）
Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53–p21
pathway
本期Nature上发表的5篇论文表明，转录因子p53除了起一个肿瘤抑制因子的作用外
（TP53基因在超过50%的人类癌症中被改变），还构成阻止“诱导多能干细胞”（ iPS
细胞）生成的一个障碍。Hong等人（1132页）即使在没有Myc逆转录病毒（通常用来生
成iPS细胞的四个因子之一）的情况下也在缺失p53的细胞中诱导产生了多能性，而且他
们所采用的方法还能避免重新编程因子的基因组整合。Li等人（1136页）发现，
Ink4/Arf（编码利用Rb和 p53通道的三个肿瘤抑制因子）会限制正在发生重新编程的
iPS细胞的编程速度，而且其抑制性有助于iPS细胞生成。他们还发现，年龄增长会上调
Ink4/Arf，而重新编程在来自较老生物体的细胞中效率较低。Kawamura等人（1140页）
在使p53沉默的情况下仅仅利用两个因子（Oct4 和Sox2）就对体细胞进行了重新编程。
p53的过度表达或一种p53稳定因子的存在会降低重新编程的效率。Utikal等人（1145
页）发现，不发生重新编程的细胞中p53的删除会挽救它们产生iPS细胞的能力，而且在
缺失p53的无限增殖细胞中可以实现高效率。Marión等人（1149页）发现，p53在阻止
携带一些类型的DNA损伤的细胞的重新编程中其关键作用。即使当有DNA损伤时，除去
p53也能实现高效率重新编程。在News & Views文章中，Valery Krizhanovsky 和
Scott Lowe将这几篇论文与这一非常活跃的领域中最近发表的其他论文联系了起来
（page 1085），并且还触及了癌症与iPS细胞之间异乎寻常相似性的问题。
棕色脂肪与肥胖症（Brown fat and obesity）
Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16–C/EBP-
transcriptional complex
棕色脂肪组织能通过燃烧卡路里产生热量来防止肥胖，而白色脂肪则起能量库的作用。
Bruce Spiegelman及其同事去年在Nature杂志上报告说，棕色脂肪细胞与骨骼肌密切相
关，蛋白PRDM16neng指示肌肉干细胞成为棕色脂肪细胞。现在，同一实验室又获得了这
样的发现：PRDM16与C/EBP-β协同作用，这一转录单元的表达在“天真的”成纤维细胞
中足以诱导功能全面的棕色脂肪。将这样的成纤维细胞移植到小鼠体内，会生成一个棕
色脂肪层，其作用是充当葡萄糖的一个汇。这项工作有可能导致控制如肥胖症和2-型糖
尿病等代谢疾病的新方法的问世。（Letter p. 1154; Abstractions p. 1056）
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Stem cells: The promises and perils of p53 pp1085-1086
Five studies show that disabling p53, an essential tumour-suppressor
protein,
improves the efficiency of stem-cell production. Are these results a 'heads
up'
that cancer cells and stem cells are disturbingly similar?
Valery Krizhanovsky and Scott W. Lowe
doi:10.1038/4601085a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601085a.html
Extrasolar planets: Secrets that only tides will tell pp1086-1087
Evidence that the most recently discovered extrasolar planet is virtually at
the end of its life is a surprise. The odds of that are very low - similar
to
drawing two consecutive red aces from a well-shuffled deck of cards.
Douglas P. Hamilton
doi:10.1038/4601086a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601086a.html
Developmental biology: Jumping-gene roulette pp1087-1088
Jumping genes, which make DNA copies of themselves through an RNA middleman,
provide a stochastic process for generating brain diversity among humans.
The
effect of their random insertion, however, is a bit of a gamble.
Sandra L. Martin
doi:10.1038/4601087a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601087a.html
Optics: Ultrafast X-ray photography pp1088-1090
A super-fast, lensless microscope has been developed that works by decoding
the diffraction patterns of bright, laser-like flashes of X-rays. This
advance
should enable ultrafast events at the nanoscale to be recorded.
Margaret M. Murnane and Jianwei Miao
doi:10.1038/4601088a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601088a.html
50 & 100 years ago p1090
doi:10.1038/4601090a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601090a.html
Solid-state physics: An insulator's metallic side pp1090-1091
Certain insulators have conducting surfaces that arise from subtle chemical
properties of the bulk material. The latest experiments suggest that such
surfaces may compete with graphene in electronic applications.
Joel Moore
doi:10.1038/4601090b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601090b.html
Gamma-ray bursts: Maybe not so old after all pp1091-1092
The discovery of a short-lived [gamma]-ray burst at a surprisingly early
epoch in the history of the Universe shows how much is still unknown about
the evolution of the parent systems of such bursts.
Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz and William Lee
doi:10.1038/4601091a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601091a.html
----------------------
ARTICLE
----------------------
Developmental and species-divergent globin switching are driven by BCL11A
pp1093-1097
The contribution of changes in cis-regulatory elements or trans-acting
factors
to differences in gene expression between species is not well understood.
Here
it is found that, in transgenic mice containing the human [beta]-globin
locus,
the expression of BCL11A differs between mouse and human and is a critical
mediator of species-divergent globin switching.
Vijay G. Sankaran et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08243
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08243.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08243.html
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
An orbital period of 0.94[thinsp]days for the hot-Jupiter planet WASP-18b
pp1098-1100
'Hot Jupiters' abound in lists of known extrasolar planets. Those closest
to their parent stars have strong tidal interactions, leading to the
suggestion
that systems such as OGLE-TR-56 could be used as tests of tidal dissipation
theory. Here, the discovery of planet WASP-18b is reported, with an orbital
period of 0.94 days and a tidal interaction an order of magnitude stronger
than that of OGLE-TR-56b. Either WASP-18 is in a rare, short-lived state, or
the tidal dissipation in this system must be weaker than in the Solar
System.
Coel Hellier et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08245
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08245.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08245.html
A tunable topological insulator in the spin helical Dirac transport regime
pp1101-1105
Helical Dirac fermions are charge carriers that behave as massless
relativistic
particles with an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) locked to their
translational
momentum, a property desirable for spintronic and computing technologies. It
has recently been proposed that such fermions may exist at the edges of
certain
types of topologically ordered insulators. Here, the realization and
characterization of such a system is reported; the results reveal nearly
100 per cent spin polarization, even up to room temperature.
D. Hsieh et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08234
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08234.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08234.html
Topological surface states protected from backscattering by chiral spin
texture pp1106-1109
Topological insulators are materials in which a relativistic effect known
as spin-orbit coupling gives rise to surface states that resemble chiral
edge
modes in quantum Hall systems, but with unconventional spin textures. It has
been suggested that a feature of such spin-textured boundary states is their
insensitivity to spin-independent scattering, which is thought to protect
them
from backscattering. Here, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy and
angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy are used to confirm this prediction.
Pedram Roushan et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08308
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08308.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08308.html
Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser pp1110-1112
Nanoplasmonics promises to revolutionize applications ranging from sensing
and
biomedicine to imaging and information technology, but its full development
is
hindered by the lack of devices that can generate coherent plasmonic fields.
In theory, this is possible with a so-called 'spaser' [mdash] analogous to a
laser - which would generate stimulated emission of surface plasmons. This
is
now realized experimentally, and should enable many new technological
developments.
M. A. Noginov et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08318
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08318.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08318.html
2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the
Indo-Pacific
warm pool pp1113-1116
Temperature reconstructions for the surface of the Northern Hemisphere are
based largely on terrestrial records from extra-tropical or high-elevation
sites, despite the fact that global average surface temperature changes
closely
follow those of the global tropics, which are 75 per cent ocean. Here, a
decadally resolved continuous sea surface temperature is reconstructed for
the Indo-Pacific warm pool that spans the past 2,000 years, allowing for
comparison with observations.
Delia W. Oppo, Yair Rosenthal and Braddock K. Linsley
doi:10.1038/nature08233
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08233.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08233.html
Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores
pp1117-1121
Fungal spores are ubiquitous in the air we breathe and contain many antigens
and allergens, and yet they neither continuously activate the host innate
immune
cells nor induce detrimental inflammatory responses after their inhalation.
Here, the surface layer on dormant spores is shown to mask their recognition
by the immune system and hence prevent an immune response.
Vishukumar Aimanianda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08264
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08264.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08264.html
EBI2 mediates B cell segregation between the outer and centre
follicle pp1122-1126
B cells migrate to the outer or centre lymphoid follicle at different stages
of antibody responses. Here it is shown that activated B cells must
downregulate
the orphan G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 to migrate to the centre
follicles,
where they mount T dependent antibody responses and establish germinal
centres.
Joao P. Pereira, Lisa M. Kelly, Ying Xu and Jason G. Cyster
doi:10.1038/nature08226
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08226.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08226.html
L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells pp1127-1131
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons have been shown
to
move throughout the genomes of adult rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in
vitro and in the mouse brain. Here, NPCs isolated from human fetal brain and
derived from human embryonic stem cells are shown to support the
retrotransposition of engineered human L1s in vitro, which could contribute
to individual somatic mosaicism.
Nicole G. Coufal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08248
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08248.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08248.html
Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53--p21
pathway pp1132-1135
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human
somatic cells by the introduction of four genes, but with low efficiency.
Here it is reported that 10% of transduced mouse embryonic fibroblasts
lacking p53 became iPS cells, even without the Myc retrovirus, and iPS
cells were also generated from terminally differentiated T lymphocytes
in the p53-null background.
Hyenjong Hong et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08235
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08235.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08235.html
The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming pp1136-1139
The Ink4/Arf tumour suppressor locus encodes the three potent tumour
suppressors
p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b and p19Arf. Here the locus is shown to be rate-limiting
for
reprogramming, and its transient inhibition significantly improves the
generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, ageing is shown
to upregulate the Ink4/Arf locus, with less efficient reprogramming seen
in cells from old organisms.
Han Li et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08290
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08290.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08290.html
Linking the p53 tumour suppressor pathway to somatic cell
reprogramming pp1140-1144
Expression of pluripotency factors and oncogenes can reprogram somatic cells
to
induced pluripotent stem cells, albeit with low frequency and a tendency to
induce malignant transformation. Here, reprogramming factors are shown to
activate the p53 pathway, providing insights into reprogramming mechanisms.
Teruhisa Kawamura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08311
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08311.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08311.html
Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into
iPS cells pp1145-1148
Pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by overexpression of a set of
transcription factors, but the process has extremely low efficiency and slow
kinetics. Here, cells with low endogenous p19Arf levels and immortal
fibroblasts
deficient for components of the Arf-Trp53 pathway yield induced pluripotent
stem cell colonies with up to threefold faster kinetics and at a
significantly
higher efficiency than wild-type cells, reaching frequencies of up to 100%.
Jochen Utikal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08285
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08285.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08285.html
A p53-mediated DNA damage response limits reprogramming to ensure iPS cell
genomic integrity pp1149-1153
It is shown that p53 is critically involved in preventing the reprogramming
of cells carrying various types of DNA damage, including short telomeres,
DNA
repair deficiencies, or exogenously inflicted DNA damage. Eliminating p53
expression allows efficient reprogramming in the face of DNA damage and the
generation of induced pluripotent stem cells carrying persistent DNA damage
and chromosomal aberrations.
Rosa M. Marion et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08287
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08287.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08287.html
Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16--C/EBP-[bgr]
transcriptional complex pp1154-1158
Here it is shown that PRDM16, a zinc finger protein that controls the
switch from myoblastic precursors to brown fat cells, works together with
C/EBP-[beta] and that expression of this transcriptional unit is sufficient
to induce a fully functional brown fat program in naive fibroblasts.
Transplantation of such fibroblasts into mice creates a brown fat pad
that acts as a sink for glucose.
Shingo Kajimura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08262
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08262.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08262.html
Riboflavin kinase couples TNF receptor 1 to NADPH oxidase pp1159-1163
Riboflavin kinase is shown to couple TNF receptor 1 to reactive oxygen
production by the FAD-dependent NADPH oxidase.
Benjamin Yazdanpanah et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08206
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/abs/nature08206.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08206.html
----------------------
CORRIGENDA
----------------------
Liquid water on Enceladus from observations of ammonia and 40Ar in the
plume p1164
J. H. Waite et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08352
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08352.html
CBP/p300-mediated acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 56 p1164
Chandrima Das, M. Scott Lucia, Kirk C. Hansen and Jessica K. Tyler
doi:10.1038/nature08360
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/nature08360.html
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
The Gower Street cuckoos p1170
It's a growing problem.
Joe Dunckley
doi:10.1038/4601170a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7259/full/4601170a.html
| 《Nature》目录要览 — 2011-04-28出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2011-01-20出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-23出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-16出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-09出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-02出版 |
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